1. The term ‘Environment’ is derived from which word?
A. Greek word Oikos
B. French word Environer
C. Latin word Terra
D. English word Surround
2. Who first used the term ‘Ecology’?
A. Darwin
B. Lamarck
C. Ernst Haeckel
D. Humboldt
3. Ecology was coined in which year?
A. 1859
B. 1866
C. 1905
D. 1920
4. Which is NOT a component of environment?
A. Lithosphere
B. Atmosphere
C. Hydrosphere
D. Stratosphere
5. Biosphere refers to:
A. Only land
B. Only water
C. Zone of life on earth
D. Air layer only
6. Who is known as the father of Indian Ecology?
A. Ramdeo Misra
B. Haeckel
C. Darwin
D. Newton
7. Deep ecology term was coined by:
A. Darwin
B. Arne Naess
C. Lamarck
D. Malthus
8. Which level of organization comes after population?
A. Organism
B. Community
C. Ecosystem
D. Biome
9. Ecosystem consists of:
A. Only biotic factors
B. Only abiotic factors
C. Both biotic and abiotic factors
D. Only producers
10. Carrying capacity means:
A. Maximum population ecosystem can support
B. Minimum population
C. Total species
D. Only plants
11. Which ecosystem is most stable?
A. Desert ecosystem
B. Marine ecosystem
C. Forest ecosystem
D. Grassland ecosystem
12. Producers are also known as:
A. Heterotrophs
B. Consumers
C. Autotrophs
D. Decomposers
13. Which organism prepares its own food?
A. Herbivore
B. Carnivore
C. Autotroph
D. Parasite
14. Decomposers mainly include:
A. Animals
B. Plants
C. Fungi & bacteria
D. Humans
15. Which is an abiotic factor?
A. Plants
B. Animals
C. Soil
D. Bacteria
16. Biotic components include:
A. Water
B. Air
C. Living organisms
D. Soil
17. Which biome has highest biodiversity?
A. Desert
B. Tundra
C. Tropical rainforest
D. Grassland
18. Which ecosystem is man-made?
A. Forest
B. Ocean
C. Aquarium
D. Desert
19. Food chain starts with:
A. Consumers
B. Decomposers
C. Producers
D. Carnivores
20. Primary consumers are:
A. Carnivores
B. Herbivores
C. Omnivores
D. Decomposers
21. Secondary consumers are:
A. Producers
B. Herbivores
C. Carnivores
D. Plants
22. Detritivores feed on:
A. Living plants
B. Dead organic matter
C. Air
D. Water
23. Biome is:
A. Small ecosystem
B. Large ecological region
C. Individual organism
D. Food chain
24. Grassland ecosystem mainly consists of:
A. Trees
B. Shrubs
C. Grasses
D. Moss
25. Desert ecosystem has:
A. High rainfall
B. Low rainfall
C. Moderate rainfall
D. Heavy snowfall
26. Freshwater ecosystem includes:
A. Ocean
B. Sea
C. Lakes
D. Estuary
27. Marine ecosystem covers:
A. 50% earth
B. 60% earth
C. 71% earth
D. 30% earth
28. Wetlands include:
A. Deserts
B. Marshes
C. Mountains
D. Plateaus
29. Ecotone is:
A. Desert
B. Ocean
C. Transition area between ecosystems
D. Forest
30. Edge effect occurs in:
A. Core area
B. Ecotone
C. Desert
D. Ocean
31. Habitat means:
A. Food chain
B. Living place of organism
C. Climate
D. Soil
32. Ecological niche refers to:
A. Habitat only
B. Role of species
C. Climate
D. Food only
33. Home range means:
A. Fixed area
B. Area used by animal for activities
C. Ecosystem
D. Territory only
34. Food web is:
A. Single chain
B. Interconnected food chains
C. Plant system
D. Animal system
35. Pyramid of energy is always:
A. Inverted
B. Upright
C. Circular
D. Flat
36. Who proposed ecological pyramid?
A. Darwin
B. Charles Elton
C. Haeckel
D. Mendel
37. Energy flow in ecosystem is:
A. Cyclic
B. Linear
C. Static
D. Random
38. Biomass refers to:
A. Living organisms mass
B. Air mass
C. Water mass
D. Soil mass
39. GPP stands for:
A. Gross Primary Productivity
B. General Plant Process
C. Global Production Power
D. Growth Plant Process
40. NPP means:
A. Net Primary Productivity
B. New Plant Production
C. Natural Plant Process
D. Net Production Power
41. Decomposition involves:
A. Production
B. Breakdown of organic matter
C. Photosynthesis
D. Respiration only
42. Humification forms:
A. Water
B. Soil
C. Humus
D. Gas
43. Ecotone has:
A. Low biodiversity
B. High biodiversity
C. No species
D. Only plants
44. Ecoline refers to:
A. Sharp boundary
B. Gradual change
C. Ocean line
D. Forest edge
45. Homeostasis means:
A. Instability
B. Balance
C. Growth
D. Destruction
46. Ecological succession leads to:
A. Destruction
B. Stable community
C. Water loss
D. Pollution
47. Final stage of succession is:
A. Pioneer
B. Climax
C. Secondary
D. Primary
48. Hydrological cycle is also called:
A. Carbon cycle
B. Nitrogen cycle
C. Water cycle
D. Sulphur cycle
49. Nitrogen cycle involves:
A. Photosynthesis only
B. Nitrogen fixation
C. Respiration only
D. Evaporation
50. Carbon cycle mainly involves:
A. Oxygen only
B. Carbon dioxide exchange
C. Nitrogen gas
D. Hydrogen gas
51. Biogeochemical cycle refers to:
A. Energy flow
B. Nutrient cycling
C. Food chain
D. Population growth
52. Which is a gaseous cycle?
A. Phosphorus cycle
B. Sulphur cycle
C. Carbon cycle
D. Calcium cycle
53. Sedimentary cycle includes:
A. Nitrogen
B. Carbon
C. Phosphorus
D. Oxygen
54. Nitrogen fixation converts nitrogen into:
A. Oxygen
B. Ammonia
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Water
55. Nitrification converts ammonia into:
A. Nitrites & nitrates
B. Oxygen
C. Carbon
D. Hydrogen
56. Denitrification converts nitrates into:
A. Oxygen
B. Nitrogen gas
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Ammonia
57. Water cycle is driven mainly by:
A. Wind
B. Solar energy
C. Gravity only
D. Soil
58. Evaporation is:
A. Gas to liquid
B. Liquid to gas
C. Solid to liquid
D. Liquid to solid
59. Condensation is:
A. Gas to liquid
B. Liquid to gas
C. Solid to gas
D. Liquid to solid
60. Transpiration occurs in:
A. Animals
B. Plants
C. Soil
D. Rocks
61. Bioaccumulation refers to:
A. Decrease of pollutants
B. Increase in pollutant concentration in organism
C. Energy flow
D. Nutrient cycle
62. Biomagnification occurs in:
A. Single organism
B. Food chain
C. Atmosphere
D. Soil
63. Biotic interaction includes:
A. Temperature
B. Competition
C. Rainfall
D. Soil
64. Mutualism means:
A. One benefits, other harmed
B. Both benefit
C. No effect
D. One benefits only
65. Parasitism means:
A. Both benefit
B. One benefits, other harmed
C. No effect
D. Both harmed
66. Commensalism means:
A. Both benefit
B. One benefits, other unaffected
C. Both harmed
D. One harmed
67. Amensalism means:
A. Both benefit
B. One harmed, other unaffected
C. Both harmed
D. One benefits
68. Predation is:
A. Mutualism
B. Predator eats prey
C. No interaction
D. Competition
69. Competition occurs when:
A. Species cooperate
B. Species compete for resources
C. Species ignore each other
D. No interaction
70. Homeostasis maintains:
A. Instability
B. Balance
C. Destruction
D. Growth only
71. Ecological succession begins with:
A. Climax stage
B. Pioneer species
C. Secondary species
D. Consumers
72. Primary succession occurs on:
A. Bare land
B. Forest
C. Grassland
D. Wetland
73. Secondary succession occurs on:
A. New land
B. Previously inhabited area
C. Ocean
D. Desert
74. Climax community is:
A. First stage
B. Stable final stage
C. Intermediate stage
D. Temporary stage
75. Biodiversity means:
A. Variety of life
B. Single species
C. Only plants
D. Only animals
76. Biodiversity levels include:
A. Genetic, species, ecosystem
B. Air, water, soil
C. Plants, animals
D. None
77. Species diversity refers to:
A. One species
B. Variety of species
C. Only plants
D. Only animals
78. Endemic species are:
A. Found everywhere
B. Found in one region only
C. Extinct species
D. Migratory species
79. Keystone species are:
A. Least important
B. Most important
C. Extinct
D. Migratory
80. Invasive species are:
A. Native
B. Foreign species
C. Extinct
D. Endemic
81. Species richness refers to:
A. Number of species
B. Size of species
C. Weight
D. Color
82. Species evenness refers to:
A. Distribution of species
B. Number of species
C. Weight
D. Size
83. Conservation means:
A. Destruction
B. Protection
C. Pollution
D. Hunting
84. In-situ conservation means:
A. Outside habitat
B. Inside natural habitat
C. Zoo
D. Museum
85. Ex-situ conservation includes:
A. National parks
B. Wildlife sanctuary
C. Zoo
D. Forest
86. National parks are:
A. Private land
B. Protected areas
C. Cities
D. Farms
87. Biosphere reserve protects:
A. Only animals
B. Only plants
C. Entire ecosystem
D. Only soil
88. IUCN stands for:
A. International Union for Conservation of Nature
B. Indian Union of Nature
C. International Council of Nature
D. None
89. Red Data Book lists:
A. Plants only
B. Animals only
C. Endangered species
D. Soil types
90. Critically endangered species are:
A. Safe
B. High risk of extinction
C. Extinct
D. Common
91. Vulnerable species are:
A. Safe
B. At risk of extinction
C. Extinct
D. Abundant
92. Extinct species are:
A. Alive
B. Not found alive
C. Rare
D. Migratory
93. Biodiversity hotspot requires:
A. Low species
B. High endemism
C. Desert
D. Cold climate
94. Tropical rainforest has:
A. Low biodiversity
B. High biodiversity
C. No species
D. Only animals
95. Migration increases biodiversity by:
A. Removing species
B. Adding new species
C. Destroying habitat
D. Killing organisms
96. Mutation leads to:
A. No change
B. Genetic variation
C. Death only
D. Stability
97. Speciation results in:
A. Same species
B. New species
C. Extinction
D. No change
98. Succession increases:
A. Stability
B. Instability
C. Pollution
D. Destruction
99. Climax community is:
A. Temporary
B. Stable
C. Weak
D. Destroyed
100. Ecology studies:
A. Rocks
B. Interactions of organisms with environment
C. Only animals
D. Only plants
101. Environmental pollution means:
A. Purification of air
B. Addition of harmful substances
C. Natural process
D. Recycling
102. Air pollution is caused by:
A. Oxygen
B. Nitrogen
C. Pollutants
D. Water
103. Water pollution affects:
A. Only humans
B. Only plants
C. All living organisms
D. Only animals
104. Soil pollution reduces:
A. Fertility
B. Air
C. Water
D. Oxygen
105. Noise pollution affects:
A. Hearing
B. Vision
C. Taste
D. Smell
106. Global warming is caused by:
A. Oxygen
B. Greenhouse gases
C. Nitrogen
D. Hydrogen
107. Major greenhouse gas is:
A. Oxygen
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Nitrogen
D. Hydrogen
108. Ozone layer protects from:
A. Visible rays
B. UV rays
C. Infrared rays
D. Radio waves
109. Ozone depletion is caused by:
A. CO2
B. CFCs
C. O2
D. N2
110. Acid rain is caused by:
A. CO2
B. SO2 and NO2
C. Oxygen
D. Hydrogen
111. Which gas causes acid rain?
A. Oxygen
B. Sulphur dioxide
C. Hydrogen
D. Nitrogen
112. Greenhouse effect leads to:
A. Cooling
B. Heating
C. Freezing
D. Rain
113. Eutrophication occurs in:
A. Air
B. Water bodies
C. Soil
D. Forest
114. Main cause of eutrophication:
A. Oxygen
B. Nutrient enrichment
C. Heat
D. Wind
115. Smog is mixture of:
A. Smoke + fog
B. Water + air
C. Soil + air
D. Fire + water
116. Photochemical smog contains:
A. Oxygen
B. Ozone
C. Nitrogen
D. Hydrogen
117. BOD measures:
A. Oxygen demand
B. Water purity
C. Soil quality
D. Air quality
118. High BOD indicates:
A. Clean water
B. Polluted water
C. Pure air
D. Fertile soil
119. Solid waste includes:
A. Gas
B. Liquid
C. Garbage
D. Oxygen
120. Recycling helps to:
A. Increase waste
B. Reduce waste
C. Pollute
D. Destroy
121. 3Rs stand for:
A. Run, read, rest
B. Reduce, reuse, recycle
C. Rest, relax, repeat
D. None
122. Renewable resource is:
A. Coal
B. Petrol
C. Solar energy
D. Gas
123. Non-renewable resource is:
A. Wind
B. Solar
C. Coal
D. Water
124. Sustainable development means:
A. Overuse resources
B. Use without harming future
C. Destroy environment
D. Waste resources
125. Earth Summit held in:
A. Paris
B. Rio de Janeiro
C. Delhi
D. London
126. Kyoto Protocol deals with:
A. Biodiversity
B. Climate change
C. Soil
D. Water
127. Paris Agreement deals with:
A. Pollution
B. Climate change
C. Soil
D. Wildlife
128. Chipko movement started in:
A. Kashmir
B. Uttarakhand
C. Punjab
D. Delhi
129. Appiko movement is related to:
A. Water
B. Forest conservation
C. Air
D. Soil
130. Silent Valley movement is related to:
A. Forest
B. River
C. Air
D. Soil
131. WWF stands for:
A. World Wildlife Fund
B. World Water Forum
C. World Forest Fund
D. None
132. UNEP stands for:
A. United Nations Environment Programme
B. United Nations Energy Programme
C. Union Nature Programme
D. None
133. Environmental education aims to:
A. Destroy nature
B. Create awareness
C. Increase pollution
D. Waste resources
134. Afforestation means:
A. Cutting trees
B. Planting trees
C. Burning forests
D. Removing soil
135. Deforestation leads to:
A. Rainfall increase
B. Soil erosion
C. Cooling
D. Stability
136. Soil erosion is caused by:
A. Trees
B. Wind & water
C. Rocks
D. Minerals
137. Desertification means:
A. Forest growth
B. Land degradation
C. Water increase
D. Soil fertility
138. Overgrazing leads to:
A. Soil fertility
B. Land degradation
C. Forest growth
D. Rainfall
139. Urbanization causes:
A. Clean air
B. Pollution
C. Forest growth
D. Soil fertility
140. Industrialization leads to:
A. Pollution
B. Clean air
C. Forest growth
D. Soil fertility
141. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is:
A. Pollution process
B. Study of environmental effects
C. Soil formation
D. Water cycle
142. Carrying capacity depends on:
A. Resources
B. Pollution
C. Noise
D. Heat
143. Population growth increases:
A. Resources
B. Pressure on environment
C. Forest cover
D. Stability
144. Sustainable use means:
A. Overuse
B. Balanced use
C. Waste
D. Destruction
145. Climate change results in:
A. Stable climate
B. Extreme weather
C. No change
D. Cooling only
146. Carbon footprint means:
A. Soil mark
B. CO2 emission
C. Water use
D. Heat energy
147. Renewable energy includes:
A. Coal
B. Solar
C. Petrol
D. Gas
148. Fossil fuels include:
A. Solar
B. Wind
C. Coal
D. Water
149. Biodiversity loss leads to:
A. Stability
B. Ecosystem imbalance
C. Growth
D. Purity
150. Environment protection is necessary for:
A. Survival of life
B. Pollution
C. Destruction
D. Waste
151. Environmental law aims to:
A. Increase pollution
B. Protect environment
C. Destroy forests
D. Increase waste
152. Wildlife Protection Act was passed in:
A. 1972
B. 1986
C. 1992
D. 2000
153. Forest Conservation Act was passed in:
A. 1972
B. 1980
C. 1991
D. 2005
154. Environment Protection Act was passed in:
A. 1972
B. 1986
C. 1992
D. 2001
155. Water Act was passed in:
A. 1974
B. 1986
C. 1990
D. 2000
156. Air Act was passed in:
A. 1974
B. 1981
C. 1992
D. 2005
157. CPCB stands for:
A. Central Pollution Control Board
B. Climate Protection Board
C. Control Pollution Body
D. None
158. SPCB stands for:
A. State Pollution Control Board
B. Soil Protection Board
C. State Power Board
D. None
159. Environmental audit is:
A. Financial audit
B. Environmental review
C. Soil test
D. Water test
160. Hazardous waste is:
A. Safe waste
B. Dangerous waste
C. Useful waste
D. Organic waste
161. E-waste includes:
A. Food waste
B. Electronic waste
C. Water waste
D. Soil waste
162. Biomedical waste comes from:
A. Houses
B. Hospitals
C. Farms
D. Forests
163. Plastic pollution is harmful because:
A. Biodegradable
B. Non-biodegradable
C. Useful
D. Natural
164. Biodegradable waste can be:
A. Decomposed
B. Not decomposed
C. Plastic
D. Metal
165. Non-biodegradable waste includes:
A. Leaves
B. Paper
C. Plastic
D. Food
166. Composting converts waste into:
A. Plastic
B. Fertilizer
C. Gas
D. Metal
167. Vermicomposting uses:
A. Bacteria
B. Worms
C. Fungi
D. Insects
168. Green energy includes:
A. Coal
B. Solar
C. Petrol
D. Gas
169. Wind energy is:
A. Non-renewable
B. Renewable
C. Polluting
D. Fossil fuel
170. Solar energy comes from:
A. Earth
B. Sun
C. Moon
D. Water
171. Hydropower uses:
A. Air
B. Water
C. Soil
D. Fire
172. Fossil fuels are:
A. Renewable
B. Non-renewable
C. Clean
D. Natural gas only
173. Energy conservation means:
A. Wasting energy
B. Saving energy
C. Destroying energy
D. Producing energy
174. LED bulbs save:
A. Water
B. Energy
C. Soil
D. Air
175. Rainwater harvesting is:
A. Wasting water
B. Collecting rainwater
C. Polluting water
D. Evaporation
176. Water conservation helps to:
A. Waste water
B. Save water
C. Pollute water
D. Destroy water
177. Greenhouse gases trap:
A. Cold
B. Heat
C. Water
D. Soil
178. Climate change causes:
A. Stability
B. Extreme events
C. Cooling only
D. No effect
179. Carbon sequestration means:
A. Releasing CO2
B. Capturing CO2
C. Destroying oxygen
D. Burning fuel
180. Afforestation increases:
A. Pollution
B. Forest cover
C. Soil erosion
D. Desertification
181. Deforestation causes:
A. Stability
B. Soil erosion
C. Cooling
D. Growth
182. Wildlife conservation protects:
A. Only plants
B. Only animals
C. Biodiversity
D. Soil
183. Poaching means:
A. Protecting animals
B. Illegal hunting
C. Farming
D. Planting
184. National parks protect:
A. Cities
B. Ecosystems
C. Roads
D. Industries
185. Wildlife sanctuary is for:
A. Industry
B. Wildlife protection
C. Farming
D. Housing
186. Biosphere reserve includes:
A. Core zone
B. Buffer zone
C. Transition zone
D. All of these
187. Environmental awareness helps to:
A. Increase pollution
B. Protect nature
C. Destroy forests
D. Waste resources
188. Sustainable living means:
A. Waste resources
B. Balanced lifestyle
C. Destroy environment
D. Overuse
189. Environmental ethics deals with:
A. Money
B. Moral values for environment
C. Technology
D. Business
190. Green technology is:
A. Polluting
B. Eco-friendly
C. Harmful
D. Wasteful
191. Eco-friendly products are:
A. Harmful
B. Safe for environment
C. Polluting
D. Toxic
192. Carbon neutrality means:
A. More CO2
B. Balanced CO2 emission
C. No oxygen
D. Pollution
193. Recycling reduces:
A. Waste
B. Pollution
C. Resource use
D. All of these
194. Reuse means:
A. Throw away
B. Use again
C. Burn
D. Destroy
195. Reduce means:
A. Increase use
B. Decrease use
C. Waste more
D. Burn
196. Sustainable future requires:
A. Overuse
B. Conservation
C. Pollution
D. Waste
197. Global environmental issues include:
A. Climate change
B. Biodiversity loss
C. Pollution
D. All of these
198. Environmental sustainability ensures:
A. Resource depletion
B. Long-term balance
C. Pollution
D. Destruction
199. Ecosystem services include:
A. Food
B. Water
C. Climate regulation
D. All of these
200. Protecting environment ensures:
A. Destruction
B. Survival of future generations
C. Pollution
D. Waste